【Abstract】 Objective Master prevalent situation and effective control measure of malaria in Hubei province. Methods The prevalent situation and control measure of malaria was analyzed by collecting the data of prevention, field investigation and surveillance of malaria and the net?reporting of malaria epidemic situation. Results There were 1769 cases of malaria in 2007 in Hubei including 1721 local cases, accounting for 97.29% and 48 exported cases (34 cases of vivax and 14 cases of falciparum), accounting for 2.71%. There were 1769 reported cases of malaria and the cure rate reached 100%. In the rest period of malaria, there were 8345 people cured who had the malaria infection history or were risk population. And the cure rate was 95.47%. There were 22 731 people taking preventive medicine, accounting for 84.17%. Thirty seven cases of malaria were found among 2497 people by field interview investigation. Of which, all the cases were cured including 36 cases cured regularly. And the regular cure rate was 97.30%. Thirty six cases were reported and one case failed to report. There were 79 cases reported in malaria monitoring sites in 2007 (28.01/ten thousand), decreasing by 14.13% compared with 2006 (92 cases). The average biting rate of Anopheles sinensis was 8.26/person·night in 2007,  increasing by 102% compared with 2006 (4.08 /person·night). The average biting rate of An.anthropophagus was 0.30/person·night in 2007, up 15.38% compared with 0.26/person·night in 2006. Conclusion The incidence of local malaria is basically stable, while the quantity of exported cases increases. It is effective to root up infection source.

【Abstract】 Objective To grasp the epidemic situation of malaria in Hubei province and consolidate the achievement of prevention and control. Methods The present status of malaria epidemic and its change situation were analyzed by collecting malaria data from 1994 to 2007. Results Incidence cases of malaria decreased from 4527 cases in 1994 to 1769 cases in 2007, down about 60.92%. Malaria epidemic situation continuously  fluctuated during 14 years, and sometime it broke out in the parts. The annual average incidence rate of malaria was 13 per million in the epidemic  area  transmitted  by  Anopheles sinensis,  and 199 per million in the areas transmitted by  Anopheles anthropophagus. Over 80%  cases  focused  on  the  areas  transmitted  by An.anthropophagus where its population only accounted for 26.37% of total population. Conclusion There was a great change of malaria distribution and epidemic situation in Hubei province. It should put the emphasis on the control of malaria especially the epidemic area transmitted by An. anthropophagus in the future.

Objective To analyze epidemic situation of malaria and to establish an effective measure for prevention and control of malaria in Jiangsu,Shandong,Henan,Anhui and Hubei province.Methods Data were collected from reported malaria cases of 2004-2005,and epidemic situation of malaria was analyzed.Results Reported cases of malaria in 2004 were 14 536,with an incidence of 0.37 per ten thousands,which was 11.94% less than that in 2003.20 325 cases of malaria in 2005 year with an incidence 0.52 per ten thousands,it was 39.83%more than that in 2004.523 reported cases of inputted malaria,in which 39 cases was subtertian malaria,and 3 cases was died.95 county of incidence increased in 2004-2005 and 28 counties was at a high lever of malaria.Conclusion The incidence decreased in the area of malaria transmitted by Anopheles anthropophagus while the incidence increased in the area of malaria by An.sinensis.The result showed that high malaria epidemic area was extending from south to north of China.The inputted malaria cases was increasing.

Objective To identify species of anopheles vectors captured in varied areas of Hubei province with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP) techniques.Methods Anopheline mosquitoes( Anopheles hyrcanus complex) captured at the fields of Hubei province were identified with traditional morphological classification and newly-established genetic methods(PCR-RFLP) based on the sequences of their ribosomal DNA in the ITS ₂ region.DNA sequence in Anopheles anthropophagus, Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles yatsushiroensisi were analyzed and compared. Results A total of 181 anopheline mosquitoes were captured and identified,including 176 identified as Anopheles sinensis and five as Anopheles anthropophagus according to their morphological features,and 172 identified as Anopheles sinensis,four as Anopheles anthropophagus and one as Anopheles yatsushiroensisi by PCR-RFLP.Conclusion Close-breeding anopheles,such as Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles yatsushiroensisi and Anopheles anthropophagus in Anopheles hyrcanus complex could be accurately identified by PCR-RFLP,which was suitable for the investigation and surveillance for malaria-vector mosquitoes in the areas with anopheles complex.

Objective To study formulations of Bacillus thuringensis for high effectiveness and long lasting control against larvae of mosquitoes.Methods To test different formulations with B.thuringensis,sawdust,glutinous and disperse materials were used as insecticide carrier on mosquito larvae control.The influence of formulations on non-target aquatic living things and animals were investigated in both lab and field.Results Persistence effectiveness was 1216 days with the floating granular of B.thuringensis isrelensis 187 strain against Anopheles sinensis in rice field and 12 and 17 days with the briquette formula against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and Aedes spieces lavae in small water collector.The persistence effective periods for B.sphaericus floating granular and briquette formula on C.pipiens quinquefasciatus were 19 and 94 days respectively.Conclusion To consider breeding sites in using formulations can control mosquitoe effectively,mosquito densities can reduced by 70%-100%.

This paper reports the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var israeleusis 187 for controlling mosquitoes in Sha-shi urban area during 1986 to 1995.The results showed that mosquitoescould be effectively controlled with emulsion of Bacillus thuringiensis var israeleusis 187 at a doseof 1-2ml/m ² once a 10-day interval.As compared with pretreatment.The mean man-biting rate ofmosquitoes was reduced by 89.4 %.

226 An.sinensis captured from cattle pens, pig pens, human houses and outside in Yingcheng city, Hubei province, were detected with ELISA.The rcsults showed that 29 mosuitoes were human bloodmeals (12.8%）, human blood index was 0.128.84 mosquitoes were bovine blcod-meals (37.2%).Other 113 mosquitoes tested by precipitation reaction were pig blood-meals.141 An.anthropophagus caught from human houses、 cattIe pens and pig pens in Yingcheng city were tested with ELISA.The results indicated that 124 An.anthrohoagus were human blood-meals (87.9%）.Human blood index was 0.879.15 were bovine blood-meals.The results identified that An.sinensis in Yingcheng city, Hubei province is the species of livestock blood-meals and concurrent human blood-meals, but An.anthwtgus is the species of human blcod-meals, and blood-meals habit is intimately related with the shelter of mequitoes.

Two kinds of fizzy tablets Bti - 951 (local product) and Bti - Ft (from Germany) of Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis were tested against the larvae of Aedes albopictus in laboratory and field.Laboratory tests showed the LD ₅₀ was 0.2365μg/ml for Bti - 951 fizzy tablet, and 0.0903μg/ml for the BtiFt fizzy tablet.Three doses of each formulation were used in field trial:0.5, 1, 1.5g/m ², 24h after treatment,the reduction rate of larvae of all doses of the two fomulations was 100%.With dose 1.5g/m ², the persistence of 15 days for Bti - 951 and 20 days for Bti - Ft.The fizzy tablet was easy to store.carry.and use.

Investigations on resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus in Shashi was carried out after a 10 year application of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis 187. The results showed that the average LC ₅₀ Bacillus thuringiensis against late third instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus in treated area and untreated area were 3.14ul/L and 3.35ul/L, respectively. The average resistance ratio was 0. 94. The in vestigations indicated that no resistance phenomena in Culex quinguefasciatus has yet developed in Shashi after 10 years treatment.

Influence of B.T-187 emulsion on non-target aquatic living things was investigated in rice field.The showed that it was safe from harm to aquatic living things while B.T-187 emulsion was used as larval control of mosquitoes in rice field.After treatment of 24 hours at rate of 2.0 ppm 95～100% reduction of Anopheline and Culex Larvae, but any Side-effect was not found to aquatic living things.The quantity of aquatic organism aftor treatment was no difference from that before treatment.

Large scale field trials of Bacillus sphaericus C _3－41 local products against Culex quinquefasciatus was carried out in Wuhan City. The results showed that 88～99% reduction of larval density was obtained with rate of 3ml/m ² liquid formulation applied in large breeding sites,including ponds,ditches once ten days and with 8g/m ² briquette formulation applied in small breeding sites,including water jars and pits once month.Adult density showed a obvious reduction and seasonal peak of adults was controlled in treated area.

A enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA）test was studied for detection of blood-meals in haematophagus mosquitoes.The conjugates of rabbit antibovine IgG were tested on serums of bovine,horse,goat,chicken,pig,rabbit ,mice and human;and more than the replicates of tests showed that the conjugates were proved both sensitive and specific.The conjugates were used at dilution of 1:100 and showed an average OD value of 1.42 while the serums from the six different animals showed an average OD value of only 0.01-0.06.The results indicate that the dilutions of 1:100 are not only high specific to detect with ELISA reader,but also easy to read by the naked eye.

The efficacy and persistance of three formulatios of Bacillus sphoerius C _3－41 against Culex quinquefasciatus were evaluated in wuhan city.The results indicated that the 92-01 liquid and 92-Qf granular formulatios showed better initial control than 92-Bf briquette formula. After 48 hours treatment of liquid for mulatio at rates of 1,2,3ml/m ²82～96%Larvae are kiued and granular formulation at rates of 2,4,8g/m ²88～100% Larvae were killed while briquette formulatio produced only 33～56% control effect but persistance of briauette formulation was over three months,much better than that of liquid and granular formulatios.

A trap with five entry holes was used to study the attractant effect of carbon dioxide, octenol, a mixture of 4-methylphenol octenol: 3-n-propylphenol and acetone on cafches of Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. The catches in the trap baited with carboa dioxide released from a cylinder were much better than those in the trap baited with dry ice. A mixture of 4-methylphenol: octenol: 3-n-propylphenol released at 0.39mg/h, 0.13mg/h and 0.022mg/h respectively showed little attraction to Anopheles gambiae. Octenol in paraffin oil releasedat 0.025mg/h used by itself attracted Anopheles gambiae in number similar to those with acetone released at 0.25ml/h. Acetone at 0.25ml/h and carbone dioxide acted synergistically in attracting significantly greater mumbers of Anopheles gambiae